Double-stranded RNA enters the cell from viruses. As a first line of defense, viral double-stranded RNA activates OAS1. OAS1 then synthesizes 2-5A from ATP, which activates RNase L. This signaling cleaves both viral and host RNA leading to inhibition of protein synthesis. The replication of invading RNA viruses ends.
Mutation or inadvertent stimulation of OAS1 can produce autoimmune conditions by activating the pathway inconsistently, even while not in the presence of viral invaders. Because of this, OAS1 is an interesting target in drug discovery.
The Transcreener OAS Assay is an excellent tool for researchers examining the therapeutic effects of OAS1.